Depression

Click the link for the full article- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430847/

Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest. The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) classifies the depressive disorders into Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder; Major depressive disorder; Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia); Premenstrual dysphoric disorder; and Depressive disorder due to another medical condition. The common features of all the depressive disorders are sadness, emptiness, or irritable mood, accompanied by somatic and cognitive changes that significantly affect the individual’s capacity to function. This activity reviews the evaluation and management of depression and the role of interprofessional team members in collaborating to provide well-coordinated care and enhance patient outcomes.

Postpartum Depression

Click the link for the full article- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519070/

Around one in seven women can develop postpartum depression (PPD). While women experiencing baby blues tend to recover quickly, PPD tends to last longer and severely affects women's ability to return to normal function. PPD affects the mother and her relationship with the infant. Maternal brain response and behavior are compromised in PPD. According to Beck in 2006, as many as half of PPD in new mothers go undiagnosed because of conflict in privacy and not wanting to disclose to close family members. There is also a stigma around new mothers in that disclosure may lead to abandonment and fear of lack of support. This activity reviews the evaluation, treatment, and complications of postpartum depression and underscores the importance of an interprofessional team approach to its management.

Antidepressants

Click the link for the full article- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538182/

While antidepressants may be the drug of choice for depression, they also have FDA approval as treatments for other medical disorders. For example, antidepressants help treat obsessive-compulsive disorder, social phobia, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Antidepressants also have non-FDA-approved, off-label indications. This activity reviews the indications, contraindications, action, adverse events, and other key elements of antidepressant therapy in the clinical setting as it relates to the essential points needed by members of an interprofessional team managing the care of patients receiving antidepressant medications for conditions that respond to this medication class.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Click the link for the full article- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441870/

Generalized anxiety disorder is a mental health disorder that produces fear, worry, and a constant feeling of being overwhelmed. It is characterized by excessive, persistent, and unrealistic worry about everyday things. This activity illustrates the evaluation and management of generalized anxiety disorder and explains the interprofessional team's role in managing patients with this condition.

Pharmacotherapy of Anxiety Disorders: Current and Emerging Treatment Options

Click the link for the full article- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7786299/

Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent psychiatric disorders and a leading cause of disability. While there continues to be expansive research in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and schizophrenia, there is a relative dearth of novel medications under investigation for anxiety disorders. This review's first aim is to summarize current pharmacological treatments (both approved and off-label) for panic disorder (PD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), and specific phobias (SP), including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), azapirones (e.g., buspirone), mixed antidepressants (e.g., mirtazapine), antipsychotics, antihistamines (e.g., hydroxyzine), alpha- and beta-adrenergic medications (e.g., propranolol, clonidine), and GABAergic medications (benzodiazepines, pregabalin, and gabapentin).

Bipolar Disorder

Click the link for the full article- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558998/

Bipolar disorder, also known as bipolar affective disorder, is one of the top 10 leading causes of disability worldwide. Bipolar disorder is characterized by chronically occurring episodes of mania or hypomania alternating with depression and is often misdiagnosed initially. Treatment involves pharmacotherapy and psychosocial interventions, but mood relapse and incomplete response occur, particularly with depression. Continual reevaluation and treatment modification are commonly required during the long-term care of patients with biploar disorder. Management of comorbid psychiatric and chronic medical conditions may also be necessary. This activity reviews the etiology, classification, evaluation, management, and prognosis of bipolar affective disorder, and it also highlights the role of the interprofessional team in managing and improving care for patients with this condition.

Pharmacological Treatment of Bipolar Depression: What are the Current and Emerging Options?

Click the link for the full article- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7294105/

Depression accounts for the predominant burden associated with bipolar disorder. The identification and management of bipolar depression are challenging, since bipolar depression differs from unipolar depression, responding poorly to traditional antidepressants, which may also induce a switch to hypomania/mania, mixed states and/or cause rapid cycling. Current treatment options for bipolar depression are limited and guidelines vary greatly in their recommendations, reflecting gaps and inconsistencies in the current evidence base. Moreover, some treatment options, such as quetiapine and olanzapine–fluoxetine, although clearly efficacious, may be associated with adverse cardiometabolic side effects, which can be detrimental to the long-term physical health and well-being of patients, increasing the likelihood of treatment non-adherence and relapse. Evidence for some more recent therapeutic options, including lurasidone and cariprazine, suggests that patients’ symptoms can be effectively managed without compromising their physical health. In addition, novel agents targeting alternative neurotransmitter pathways and inflammatory processes (such as ketamine and N-acetyl cysteine) are emerging as promising potential options for the treatment of bipolar depression in the future.

Schizophrenia

Click the link for the full article- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539864/

Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior. Traditionally, schizophrenia may involve positive symptoms, such as hallucinations, delusions, formal thought disorders, and negative symptoms, such as paucity of speech, anhedonia, and lack of motivation. This activity outlines the evaluation of schizophrenia and explains the role of the interprofessional team in improving care for patients with this condition.

Drug Addiction

Click the link for the full article- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549783/

The laymen's definition of addiction is a "fact or condition of being addicted to a particular substance, thing, or activity." Medically it is a "chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking, continued use despite harmful consequence, and long-lasting changes in the brain." This current Oxford English dictionary definition can be traced back to Roman law in which addiction was a "formal giving over by sentence of the court" Addiction is a "chronic, relapsing brain disease that leads to medical, mental, and social complications. This activity outlines the biology, epidemiology, psychopathology, screening, diagnosis, and the most common treatments in patients with the condition.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Click the link for the full article- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553162/

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) involves intrusive thoughts with or without compensatory actions to alleviate the stress brought on by these thoughts; these are called obsessions and compulsions, respectively. OCD typically presents in adolescence and goes under-reported and under-treated. As it can cause severe debilitation, early intervention is vital. This activity outlines the evaluation and treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and explains the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating and treating patients with this condition.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Click the link for the full article- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559129/

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disabling psychiatric disorder that results from being exposed to real or threatened injury, death, and sexual assault. It is associated with functional and cognitive impairment. Early diagnosis and intervention are necessary for effective treatment and to minimize the longterm outcomes associated with PTSD. This activity describes the evaluation and management of PTSD and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in improving care for patients with this condition.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Click the link for the full article- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441838/

The diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been surrounded by controversy over the last century. Over the past 30 years, however, a consensus has been developed regarding both the existence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and the symptoms and signs that define it. Additionally, research has increased knowledge of the neurochemical and physiologic causes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. This has led to the development of techniques for effective management of the condition. This activity reviews the evaluation and management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in collaborating to provide well-coordinated care and enhance outcomes for affected patients.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Click the link for the full article- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568768/

Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is a rare psychiatric disorder diagnosed in about 1.5% of the global population. This disorder is often misdiagnosed and often requires multiple assessments for an accurate diagnosis. Patients often present with self-injurious behavior and suicide attempts. This activity reviews the evaluation and treatment of dissociative identity disorder and explains the role of an interprofessional team in caring for patients diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder (DID). This activity also reviews the association between DID and suicidal behavior.

Acute Stress Disorder

Click the link for the full article- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560815/

Acute stress disorder (ASD) was first outlined in 1994 at the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) as a new diagnosis. This activity describes the evaluation and management of stress disorder and explains the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating and treating patients with this condition.

Adjustment Disorder: Current Developments and Future Directions

Click the link for the full article- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6678970/

Despite its high prevalence in clinical and consultant liaison psychiatry populations, adjustment disorder research has traditionally been hindered by its lack of clear diagnostic criteria. However, with the greater diagnostic clarity provided in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – fifth edition (DSM-5) and the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 11th edition (ICD-11), adjustment disorder has been increasingly recognised as an area of research interest. This paper evaluates the commonalities and differences between the ICD-11 and DSM-5 concepts of adjustment disorder and reviews the current state of knowledge regarding its symptom profile, course, assessment, and treatment. In doing so, it identifies the gaps in our understanding of adjustment disorder and discusses future directions for research.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Click the link for the full article- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546673/

This activity reviews the evaluation and treatment of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). ASPD is a deeply ingrained and dysfunctional thought process that focuses on social exploitive, delinquent, and criminal behavior most commonly known due to the affected individual's lack of remorse for these behaviors. ASPD falls into 1 of 4 cluster-B personality disorders within the DSM V, which also includes narcissistic, borderline, and histrionic personality disorders. This activity reviews the role of the an interprofessional team in evaluating, treating, and improving the care for patients with this condition.

Domestic Violence

Click the link for the full article- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499891/

Family and domestic violence is a common problem in the United States, affecting an estimated 10 million people every year; as many as one in four women and one in nine men are victims of domestic violence. Virtually all healthcare professionals will at some point evaluate or treat a patient who is a victim of domestic or family violence. Domestic and family violence includes economic, physical, sexual, emotional, and psychological abuse of children, adults, or elders. Domestic violence causes worsened psychological and physical health, decreased quality of life, decreased productivity, and in some cases, mortality. Domestic and family violence can be difficult to identify. Many cases are not reported to health professionals or legal authorities. This activity describes the evaluation, reporting, and management strategies for victims of domestic abuse and stresses the role of team-based interprofessional care for these victims.

Neurogenic Stuttering: Etiology, Symptomatology, and Treatment

Click the link for the full article- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8802677/

Neurogenic stuttering is a subtype of acquired stuttering, and it is characterized by disfluencies associated with acquired brain damage. The objective is to provide an insight into pathophysiology, symptomatology, differential diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of neurogenic stuttering through a critical review of the literature.

Agoraphobia

Click the link for the full article- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554387/

Agoraphobia is the anxiety that occurs when one is in a public or crowded place, from which a potential escape is difficult, or help may not be readily available. It is characterized by the fear that a panic attack or panic-like symptoms may occur in these situations. Individuals with agoraphobia, therefore, strive to avoid such situations or locations. This activity describes the diagnostic criteria and characteristics of agoraphobia and outlines the interprofessional team's role in its evaluation and management.

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